Feline oral squamous cell carcinoma: recent advances and future perspectives

Feline Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma (FOSCC) is the most common oral cancer in cats and is characterized by aggressive local invasion, high metastatic potential, and generally poor clinical outcomes. Despite ongoing research, FOSCC remains a significant challenge for both veterinarians and cat owners. Its development is multifactorial, with genetic mutations—particularly in the TP53 gene—viral infections such as papillomavirus, environmental exposures to toxins, and chronic oral inflammation all implicated. While these factors are associated with FOSCC, definitive causal relationships are not yet fully understood due to limited studies.

FOSCC primarily affects older, non-pedigree cats, with no clear sex or breed predisposition. Tumors are most often found in the gingiva, tongue, and sublingual regions, areas essential for eating and grooming. Clinical signs are typically non-specific, including weight loss, drooling, oral ulceration, and difficulty eating or chewing, which often delays diagnosis. Histologically, the tumor is highly infiltrative, shows marked cellular pleomorphism, and frequently invades bone. Recent advances in biomarkers, such as Ki-67, Cyclin D1, Bmi-1, and EMT-related proteins, have improved diagnostic accuracy and prognostic assessment, while emerging research into tumor mutational burden and metabolic pathways offers potential targets for therapy.

Treatment options for FOSCC remain limited, and the prognosis is generally poor, with median survival times often under two months using conventional therapies. Surgical intervention may provide local control in select cases, though complete removal is challenging. Novel targeted therapies under investigation offer potential for improved outcomes in the future. Managing FOSCC continues to be difficult due to the tumor’s aggressive behavior, late presentation, and resistance to standard treatments.

Early detection is critical, as subtle symptoms frequently delay diagnosis. Veterinarians and cat owners should stay informed about current research and consider timely evaluation for cats exhibiting oral abnormalities or changes in eating behavior. While FOSCC represents a major veterinary challenge, ongoing advances in understanding its causes, pathology, and potential treatments provide pathways toward better management and improved outcomes for affected cats