Multi-systemic: Soft Shell Disease
Etiology
Soft shell disease, also known as shell softening or metabolic bone disease (MBD), in chelonians is primarily caused by:
Nutritional Deficiencies: Inadequate dietary calcium, improper calcium-to-phosphorus ratio, and insufficient vitamin D3.
Inadequate UVB Exposure: Lack of exposure to ultraviolet B (UVB) light, which is crucial for vitamin D3 synthesis.
Secondary Causes: Chronic infections, poor husbandry, and lack of appropriate basking areas.
Signalment
Soft shell disease can affect any species of chelonian, including turtles, tortoises, and terrapins. It is most commonly seen in:
Young Chelonians: Juveniles are particularly susceptible due to their rapid growth and higher nutritional requirements.
Captive Chelonians: Those kept in environments with suboptimal lighting and diet.
Clinical Signs
The clinical signs of soft shell disease include:
Shell Softening: Noticeable softening of the carapace and plastron.
Deformities: Curved or misshapen shells.
Weakness and Lethargy: Reduced activity levels.
Poor Growth: Stunted growth in juveniles.
Swollen Limbs: In severe cases, limbs may appear swollen due to metabolic imbalances.
Fractures: Pathological fractures of the shell or bones in advanced stages.
Diagnosis
Diagnosis of soft shell disease involves:
History and Physical Examination: Assessing diet, lighting, and overall husbandry practices.
Radiographs: Identifying bone density and structural integrity of the shell.
Blood Tests: Measuring calcium, phosphorus, and vitamin D3 levels.
Ultrasonography: Evaluating internal organs and bone health.
Treatment
Treatment of soft shell disease focuses on addressing the underlying causes and may include:
Dietary Correction: Providing a balanced diet with adequate calcium and proper calcium-to-phosphorus ratio. Supplementing with vitamin D3 if necessary.
UVB Light Exposure: Ensuring adequate exposure to UVB light for vitamin D3 synthesis. Using UVB bulbs designed for reptiles or providing natural sunlight.
Calcium Supplements: Oral or injectable calcium supplements to correct deficiencies.
Supportive Care: Providing a stress-free environment, optimal temperatures, and appropriate basking areas.
Treating Secondary Infections: Antibiotics or antifungal medications if infections are present.
Prevention
Preventing soft shell disease involves:
Proper Diet: Ensuring a well-balanced diet with appropriate levels of calcium and vitamin D3.
Adequate UVB Exposure: Providing UVB lighting or access to natural sunlight.
Regular Veterinary Check-ups: Routine examinations to monitor shell and bone health.
Optimal Husbandry: Maintaining proper temperatures, humidity, and cleanliness in the habitat.
Prognosis
The prognosis for chelonians with soft shell disease varies:
Good Prognosis: Early diagnosis and treatment can result in significant improvement and recovery.
Guarded Prognosis: Advanced cases with severe deformities or secondary infections may have a more guarded outlook.