Multi-systemic: Common internal and external parasitic infections

Etiology

Chelonians are susceptible to various parasitic infections, both internal and external. Key parasites include:

• Internal Parasites:

  • Nematodes (Roundworms): Common genera include Ascaris, Strongyloides, and Trichostrongylus.

  • Cestodes (Tapeworms): Includes species like Ophiotaenia.

  • Trematodes (Flukes): Common genera include Spirorchis and Renifer.

  • Protozoa: Includes Eimeria, Entamoeba, and Cryptosporidium.

• External Parasites:

  • Mites: Common species include Ophionyssus natricis.

  • Ticks: Genera such as Amblyomma and Hyalomma.

  • Leeches: Common in aquatic environments.

Signalment

Parasitic infections can affect all chelonian species, with susceptibility influenced by:

• Age: Juvenile chelonians are more susceptible due to immature immune systems.

• Habitat: Captive chelonians in suboptimal conditions and wild chelonians in degraded habitats.

• Diet and Husbandry: Poor nutrition and inadequate husbandry practices increase risk.

Transmission

Transmission of parasitic infections varies by parasite type:

• Internal Parasites:

  • Ingestion of contaminated food or water.

  • Direct contact with infected feces.

  • Intermediate hosts like insects and snails.

• External Parasites:

  • Direct contact with infested environments or other infested chelonians.

  • Transfer through handling and transport equipment.

Clinical Signs

Clinical signs vary depending on the type and severity of parasitic infection:

• Internal Parasites:

  • Weight loss and poor growth.

  • Anorexia.

  • Diarrhea or abnormal feces.

  • Lethargy.

  • Respiratory distress in severe infestations.

• External Parasites:

  • Visible parasites on the skin or shell.

  • Pruritus (itchiness) and scratching.

  • Skin irritation, lesions, or ulcers.

  • Anemia and weakness in severe cases.

Diagnosis

Diagnosis involves a combination of clinical assessment and diagnostic tests:

• History and Physical Examination: Assessing clinical signs and environmental conditions.

• Fecal Examination: Microscopic examination for internal parasites.

• Blood Tests: Hematology and biochemistry to assess overall health and detect anemia or organ dysfunction.

• Skin Scrapes and Biopsies: Identifying external parasites or associated skin lesions.

• Radiography/Ultrasonography: For internal structural assessment and severe cases.

Treatment

Treatment varies by parasite type and infestation severity:

• Internal Parasites:

  • Nematodes: Fenbendazole or ivermectin.

  • Cestodes: Praziquantel.

  • Trematodes: Praziquantel or albendazole.

  • Protozoa: Metronidazole for amoebae, sulfadimethoxine for coccidia.

• External Parasites:

  • Mites and Ticks: Topical ivermectin, fipronil, or permethrin.

  • Leeches: Manual removal and antiseptic treatment of attachment sites.

Prevention

Preventative measures focus on optimal husbandry and biosecurity:

• Quarantine New Animals: Isolate new chelonians for at least 30 days.

• Regular Health Checks: Routine veterinary examinations and fecal screenings.

• Hygiene and Sanitation: Regular cleaning and disinfecting of enclosures, water, and food dishes.

• Balanced Diet: Ensuring proper nutrition to support a healthy immune system.

Prognosis

The prognosis for chelonians with parasitic infections depends on timely and appropriate treatment:

• Favorable Prognosis: Early detection and treatment typically result in full recovery.

• Guarded Prognosis: Severe infestations or secondary infections can complicate recovery and may lead to poorer outcomes.