Multi-systemic: Bladder Stones
Bladder stones, also known as uroliths or calculi, are a common condition in lizards that can lead to significant health issues if not promptly diagnosed and treated. This article provides a comprehensive overview of bladder stones in lizards, covering etiology, signalment, transmission, clinical signs, diagnosis, treatment, prevention, and prognosis, aimed at a veterinary audience.
Etiology
Bladder stones in lizards are primarily caused by dietary imbalances, particularly those involving high levels of oxalates, calcium, and low hydration. The formation of these stones is influenced by metabolic and environmental factors. Uroliths may consist of calcium oxalate, urates, or other mineral compounds. Predisposing factors include:
High dietary oxalates: Found in foods like spinach, beet greens, and chard.
Low hydration: Inadequate water intake or humidity levels.
Calcium-phosphorus imbalance: A diet high in phosphorus and low in calcium.
Signalment
Bladder stones can affect any lizard species, but certain species are more prone to developing them. Commonly affected species include:
Green iguanas (Iguana iguana)
Bearded dragons (Pogona vitticeps)
Uromastyx spp.
Leopard geckos (Eublepharis macularius)
Transmission
Bladder stones are non-communicable and do not spread from one lizard to another. They are a result of internal metabolic processes and dietary factors.
Clinical Signs
Clinical signs of bladder stones in lizards vary depending on the size and location of the stones. Common signs include:
Straining to urinate (dysuria)
Hematuria (blood in the urine)
Abdominal distension
Lethargy
Anorexia
Frequent and painful urination attempts
Behavioral changes, such as hiding or decreased activity
Diagnosis
Diagnosis of bladder stones involves a combination of clinical examination and diagnostic imaging. Key diagnostic steps include:
Physical examination: Palpation of the abdomen may reveal firm masses.
Radiography: X-rays can identify radiopaque stones.
Ultrasound: Useful for visualizing stones not visible on X-rays.
Urinalysis: May show blood, crystals, or infection.
Treatment
Treatment of bladder stones typically involves surgical intervention. The steps include:
Cystotomy: Surgical removal of bladder stones.
Postoperative care: Monitoring and pain management, ensuring proper hydration and dietary adjustments.
Medical management: In cases where surgery is not an option, dissolution of certain types of stones can be attempted with dietary changes and medications, though this is less effective.
Prevention
Preventive measures focus on dietary management and hydration:
Diet: Ensure a balanced diet low in oxalates and high in calcium. Provide appropriate greens and supplements.
Hydration: Maintain proper hydration through fresh water availability and adequate humidity.
Regular check-ups: Periodic veterinary examinations to monitor urinary health.
Prognosis
The prognosis for lizards with bladder stones varies:
Favorable: With early detection and proper surgical removal, many lizards recover well.
Guarded: If stones recur or if there are complications such as urinary tract infections or renal damage.
