Multi-systemic: Salmonella infections
Etiology
Salmonella is a genus of Gram-negative, rod-shaped bacteria. In lizards, infections are most commonly caused by various serotypes of Salmonella enterica. These bacteria reside in the intestines of reptiles and can be shed intermittently, contaminating the environment and posing a risk of transmission to humans and other animals.
Signalment
Salmonella infections can affect lizards of all ages, species, and sexes. However, young, stressed, or immunocompromised lizards are more susceptible to severe infections. Species commonly affected include iguanas, geckos, and monitor lizards.
Transmission
Transmission occurs primarily through the fecal-oral route. Lizards shed Salmonella in their feces, contaminating their environment, water, and food. Humans and other animals can become infected through direct contact with the lizard, its feces, or contaminated surfaces. Inadequate hygiene practices during handling and cleaning of enclosures significantly increase the risk of transmission.
Clinical Signs
Clinical signs of Salmonella infection in lizards can vary from asymptomatic carriers to severe systemic illness. Common signs include:
Diarrhea
Lethargy
Anorexia
Weight loss
Abdominal distension
Dehydration In severe cases, septicemia and death can occur.
Diagnosis
Diagnosis of Salmonella infection involves a combination of clinical signs, history, and diagnostic tests. Fecal cultures and PCR testing are commonly used to detect Salmonella in lizards. Blood cultures may be necessary in cases of systemic infection.
Treatment
Treatment of Salmonella in lizards includes supportive care and antimicrobial therapy. Supportive care involves rehydration, nutritional support, and maintaining a clean environment. Antimicrobial treatment should be based on culture and sensitivity results, as Salmonella can exhibit resistance to certain antibiotics.
Prevention
Preventing Salmonella infections in lizards requires strict hygiene practices. Key measures include:
Regular cleaning and disinfection of enclosures
Proper handwashing after handling lizards or cleaning their environment
Avoiding cross-contamination between lizards and other pets
Educating pet owners about the risks of zoonotic transmission and safe handling practices
Prognosis
The prognosis for lizards with Salmonella infection varies. Asymptomatic carriers can live healthy lives with proper care, while lizards with severe systemic infections have a guarded prognosis. Early detection and treatment are crucial for improving outcomes.
