Multi-systemic: Pneumonia

Etiology: Pneumonia in chelonians is commonly caused by bacterial, viral, fungal, or parasitic infections. Bacterial pathogens such as Pseudomonas spp., Aeromonas spp., and Mycoplasma spp. are frequently implicated. Viral causes include herpesviruses and iridoviruses, while fungal agents like Aspergillus spp. and parasitic infections such as lungworms (Rhabdias spp.) can also be responsible. Predisposing factors include poor husbandry practices, inadequate humidity, improper temperature gradients, and stress, which compromise the immune system.

Signalment: Pneumonia can affect all chelonian species, including turtles, tortoises, and terrapins. It is prevalent in both wild and captive populations, with juveniles and immunocompromised individuals being particularly susceptible. Species with aquatic or semi-aquatic lifestyles, such as red-eared sliders and painted turtles, may be at higher risk due to environmental factors.

Transmission: Transmission of pneumonia-causing pathogens can occur through direct contact with infected individuals, contaminated water, or fomites. Poor water quality, overcrowding, and suboptimal environmental conditions facilitate the spread of infectious agents.

Clinical Signs: Chelonians with pneumonia may present with a range of clinical signs, including:

• Dyspnea (labored breathing)

• Open-mouth breathing or gasping

• Nasal discharge

• Swollen eyes

• Lethargy

• Anorexia

• Buoyancy issues in aquatic species

• Wheezing or respiratory crackles on auscultation

Diagnosis: Diagnosis is based on a thorough history and clinical examination. Diagnostic tests include:

• Radiography to visualize lung fields and detect fluid accumulation

• Cytology and culture of nasal or tracheal swabs to identify causative agents

• Blood tests to assess overall health and identify systemic infection

• Endoscopy or bronchoscopy for direct visualization and sample collection from the respiratory tract

Treatment: Treatment of pneumonia involves addressing the underlying cause and providing supportive care. Key components include:

• Antibiotics or antifungals based on culture and sensitivity results

• Antiparasitic treatments if lungworms are identified

• Fluid therapy to address dehydration

• Nebulization with bronchodilators or mucolytics to ease breathing

• Maintaining optimal environmental conditions, including proper temperature and humidity

• Providing nutritional support to enhance immune function

Prevention: Preventing pneumonia involves ensuring optimal husbandry practices, including:

• Maintaining clean and adequately filtered water for aquatic species

• Providing appropriate temperature gradients and humidity levels

• Reducing stress through proper enclosure design and minimizing handling

• Quarantining new or sick animals to prevent disease spread

• Regular veterinary check-ups to monitor health and address issues early

Prognosis: The prognosis for chelonians with pneumonia varies depending on the severity of the condition and the timeliness of treatment. Early intervention and appropriate management can result in a good prognosis. However, advanced or untreated pneumonia can lead to severe complications, including respiratory failure and death, resulting in a guarded to poor prognosis.